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<title>Photoshop Transforming Lesson 9</title>
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            <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3" color="006633"><b>What 
              is transforming?</b></font></p>
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            <div align="left"> 
              <p align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Transforming 
                changes an object&#146;s appearance by modifying one or more of 
                its physical characteristics. The transform functions in Photoshop 
                include scaling, rotating, skewing, changing perspective, distorting, 
                and flipping. </font></p>
              <div align="left"> 
                <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Photoshop 
                  allows users to transform entire images, individual layers and/or 
                  specific selections.</font></p>
                <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">The 
                  transforming options are located under the <b>Edit</b> menu 
                  in the <b>Transform</b> fly-out menu (shown below).<br>
                  <br>
                  </font></p>
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              <div align="left"></div>
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          <td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left"> <img src="images/TransformFlyout.gif" width="354" height="277"><br>
            <br>
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          <td valign="top" align="left" height="4" width="157">&nbsp; </td>
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            <div align="left"> 
              <p align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">The 
                following are descriptions and illustrations of each kind of transformation, 
                beginning with an initial, un-tranformed bounding box:</font></p>
              <p align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><img src="images/box.gif" width="120" height="93"><br>
                <br>
                </font></p>
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            <ul>
              <li> 
                <div align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Scale 
                  &#151; changes the size of the image:</font></div>
              </li>
            </ul>
            <div align="center"><img src="images/box-scale.gif" width="91" height="70"> 
              <br>
            </div>
            <ul>
              <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Rotate 
                &#151; rotates the bounding box clockwise (positive angle) or 
                counter-clockwise (negative angle):</font></li>
            </ul>
            <p align="center"><img src="images/box-rotate.gif" width="150" height="142"> 
              <br>
              <br>
            </p>
            <ul>
              <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Skew 
                &#151; makes the image look like it is leaning. The top or bottom 
                of the bounding box shifts to the left or right, OR the left or 
                right side of the bounding box shifts up or down. The corner angles 
                of the bounding box change but the opposite sides remain parallel:</font></li>
            </ul>
            <p align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><img src="images/box-skew.gif" width="159" height="93"> 
              <br>
              <br>
              </font></p>
            <ul>
              <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Changing 
                perspective &#151; makes one part of the image look closer or 
                further away. The corner angles of the bounding box change; one 
                pair of opposite sides stays parallel while the other does not:</font></li>
            </ul>
            <p align="center"><img src="images/box-perspective.gif" width="120" height="143"> 
            </p>
            <ul>
              <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Distort 
                &#151; </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">makes 
                the image look oddly twisted. The corner angles of the bounding 
                box change, and no two sides are parallel:</font></li>
            </ul>
            <blockquote> 
              <p align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><img src="images/box-distort.gif" width="91" height="108"> 
                </font></p>
            </blockquote>
            <ul>
              <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Flipping 
                &#151; reverses an image. The image can be flipped either horizontally 
                (reversing its left and right sides) or vertically (reversing 
                its top and bottom):</font></li>
            </ul>
            <div align="center"><img src="images/box-flip.gif" width="91"><br>
              <br>
              <br>
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            <p><font size="3" color="#006633" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><b><font color="006633"><b>How 
              do I transform a layer, image, or selection border?</b></font></b></b></font></p>
            <p>&nbsp;</p>
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            <div align="left"> 
              <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">To 
                apply a transformation:</font></p>
              <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">1) 
                Tell Photoshop what it is you&#146;d like to transform:</font></p>
            </div>
            <ul>
              <li> 
                <div align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">To 
                  apply a transformation to a layer, first select it in the <b>Layers</b> 
                  tab.<br>
                  <br>
                  </font></div>
              </li>
              <li> 
                <div align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">To 
                  apply a transformation to an image, select the image using the 
                  selection tools.<br>
                  <br>
                  </font></div>
              </li>
              <li> 
                <div align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">To 
                  apply a transformation to the selection border, make the desired 
                  selection, then pull down the <b>Select</b> menu and choose 
                  <b>Transform Selection</b>. (This lets Photoshop know you want 
                  to transform the selection border itself, not the selected image.) 
                  </font></div>
              </li>
            </ul>
            <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">2) Pull 
            down the <b>Edit </b> menu and choose the desired transformation from 
            the <b>Transform </b>fly-out menu. </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A 
            bounding box with handles will appear around your selection.</font> 
            <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3) 
              Drag the handles to make the desired change and view the results. 
              The bounding box stays visible. </font></p>
            <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4) 
              To apply additional transformations to the same selection, you can 
              repeat steps 2 and 3. (For example, you could select <b>Scale</b> 
              and drag a handle to scale the selection, and then select <b>Distort</b> 
              and drag a handle to distort the selection.)<br>
              <br>
              </font></p>
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            <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">5) 
              To accept the transformation(s), press the <b>Enter</b> or <b>Return</b> 
              key, or click <b>OK</b> (<img src="images/transformCheck.gif" width="20" height="20">) 
              in the Options Bar. Press the <b>Esc</b> key, or click <b>Cancel</b> 
              (<img src="images/transformX.gif" width="20" height="20">) in the 
              Options Bar to cancel the transformation.<br>
              <br>
              </font></p>
            <p><br>
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                <td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Tip:</b> 
                  You can also use the Options Bar to enter specific numbers for 
                  the desired rotation, skewing, etc. This can give you very accurate 
                  control of transformations, if needed.</font></td>
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          <td valign="top" align="left" width="157" height="196"> 
            <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><font size="3" color="006633">Some 
              examples</font></b></font></p>
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            <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">In 
              the original image below, we selected the birdfeeder using the selection 
              tools, and then cut and pasted it onto a new layer. With the birdfeeder 
              on its own layer, we can transform it without affecting the rest 
              of the image. </font></p>
            <p align="center"><img src="images/birdfeeder.jpg" width="200" height="150" border="2"><font color="#000000" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><b><br>
              <font size="2">Original Image</font></b></font><font size="2"><b> 
              <br>
              <br>
              <br>
              </b></font> </p>
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            <p>&nbsp;</p>
            <p>&nbsp;</p>
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          <td colspan="2" height="2" align="left" valign="top" width="391"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">In 
            this image, we scaled the birdfeeder down using the Scale transformation:</font> 
            <p align="center"><img src="images/birdfeederscaled.jpg" border="2"><br>
              <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><b><font size="2">Scaled 
              Image<br>
              <br>
              <br>
              </font></b></font></p>
            <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></td>
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          <td width="1" valign="top" align="left">&nbsp;</td>
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            <p>&nbsp;</p>
            <p>&nbsp; </p>
          </td>
          <td colspan="2" height="2" align="left" valign="top" width="391"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">In 
            this image, we rotated the birdfeeder using the Rotate transformation:</font> 
            <p align="center"><img src="images/birdfeederrotated.jpg" width="200" height="150" border="2"><br>
              <font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><font size="2">Rotated 
              Image<br>
              <br>
              <br>
              </font></b></font></p>
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          <td width="1" valign="top" align="left" height="189">&nbsp;</td>
          <td width="157" valign="top" align="left" height="189">&nbsp;</td>
          <td colspan="2" height="189" align="left" valign="top" width="391"> 
            <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">In 
              this image, we skewed the birdfeeder using the Skew transformation:</font></p>
            <p align="center"><img src="images/birdfeederskewed.gif" width="200" height="150" border="2"><br>
              <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><font size="2">Skewed 
              Image<br>
              </font></b></font><br>
              <br>
            </p>
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            <p>&nbsp;</p>
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          <td colspan="2" height="189" align="left" valign="top" width="391"> 
            <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">In this 
            image, we distorted the birdfeeder using the Distort transformation:</font> 
            <p align="center"><img src="images/birdfeederdistort.gif" width="200" height="150" border="2"><br>
              <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><b><font size="2">Distorted 
              Image<br>
              <br>
              <br>
              </font></b></font></p>
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            <p>&nbsp;</p>
          </td>
          <td colspan="2" height="2" align="left" valign="top" width="391"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">In 
            this image, we changed the birdfeeder perspective using the Perspective 
            transformation:</font> 
            <p align="center"><img src="images/birdfeederperspective.gif" width="200" height="150" border="2"><br>
              <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><b><font size="2">Perspective 
              Image</font></b></font> </p>
            <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>
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          <td colspan="2" height="4" align="left" valign="top" width="391"> 
            <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">In 
              this image, we flipped the birdfeeder vertically:</font></p>
            <p align="center"><img src="images/birdfeederflip.gif" width="200" height="150" border="2"><br>
              <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Flipped 
              Image</b></font></p>
            <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>
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          <td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" height="4"> 
            <p align="center"><a href="#top"><img src="images/EndOfLesson.gif" width="126" border = "0" height="28" alt="End of Lesson"></a></p>
            <p align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Copyright 
              &copy; 2001, Bloomsburg University Virtual Training Help Center.<br>
              All rights reserved. This material may not be used without written 
              permission.<br>
              Contact Dr. Mary Nicholson at<a href="mail:mjnich@bloomu.edu"> mjnich@bloomu.edu</a> 
              <br>
              The screenshots contained in this tutorial were created in Adobe 
              Photoshop 6.0. </font></b></p>
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